Saturday, April 4, 2015
Ceramics is one of the most
rewarding and enjoyable of all hobbies, and one of the safest, if some simple
commonsense precautions are taken. As with any activity, responsibility must be
taken for safe practices.
General rules of good
housekeeping and common sense should be applied when doing ceramics. Following
simple rules will ensure your safety and help you produce great results when
creating a ceramic project.
It is necessary to read health
and safety information, and to talk to your dealer, distributor or certified
ceramics technoligits about the safe use of ceramic products. MSDS (Material
Safety Data Sheets) are available with your suppliers and it is essential to
get them with the materials.
Materials should be
properly labeled for material safety. Read labels with care. In ceramics, as in
all areas of human activity, proper usage of products ensures safety. It is the
responsibility of the user to read and understand the product label and to
follow the guidelines for safety. Anyone not able to understand and follow the
label instructions and safety guidelines should have a competent person
supervising the application and usage of all ceramic products. Also the
guidelines could translate, transform in to an unstandable format to the
operative. The operations include the preparation, application and firing of
these products. The person firing a kiln should have complete knowledge of and
understand the specific instructions for operation of the kiln as provided by
the manufacturer. The user should know any local ordinances applicable to the
installation of the kiln.
To
ensure your health and safety, follow these simple rules:
- Keep work surfaces and areas clean.
- Clean up spills when they occur. Do not allow to dry.
- Keep dust under control at all times.
- Do not smoke, eat or drink when working with hazardous ceramic materials. Do not put your brush or brush handle in your mouth.
- Wash your hands before you begin. The natural body oils and salts on your hands may affect the finished piece (in manual processing activities).
- Any open cuts should be properly covered.
- Wash your hands thoroughly when you are through working.
- Use a smock when working with ceramic materials. Wash often and separately from other garments.
- Keep children away from kilns and out of glaze dipping rooms. Only a qualified operatives should operate a kiln.
- Children should not use lead-containing glazes or other hazardous ceramic materials.
- Do not intermix dinnerware safe glazes containing lead.
- If pregnant or contemplating pregnancy, tell your physician about your work with ceramics.
- When using solvent-containing ceramic materials, work out doors, in a locally exhausting hood or with an exhaust fan. Do not use or store near kilns, other heat sources or an open flame. Dispose of used rags in an airtight metal container.
- Do not fire kilns in an enclosed area. Use a kiln ventilation system. Carbon monoxide fumes can build up and present a danger. Consult with your kiln supplier or manufacturer for more information.
- If you should ingest ceramic products, seek medical help immediately.
The labels on a product are
very important and give you a wealth of information. Read the label for
information on proper product use and hazards, if any.
Ceramic glazes are manufactured
using a variety of raw materials. Most of the ingredients are mined and
extracted from the ground. Some of these materials can be classified as toxic
and if misused can be harmful. The key to safe use of all art materials starts with
professional education and training.
Non-Toxic
Glazes
Non-Toxic glazes are formulated
without the addition of lead. They are tested for safety by an independent
toxicologist. They meet FDA standards. You can use these glazes and products
with confidence and ease. These products contain no materials in sufficient quantities
to be toxic or injurious to humans or to cause acute or chronic health problems.
This does not mean that any less care should be given while handling these
products.
Dinnerware
Safe (Food-Safe) Glazes
Many glazes are formulated
to be safely used on surfaces that come into contact with food or drink.
- If surfaces will come into contact with food or drink, use only glazes that are labeled food or dinnerware safe. Follow label instructions closely.
- Do not mix lead-containing dinnerware safe glazes, as the balance of ingredients in each glaze will be disrupted. Each mixture would have to be re-tested by an approved laboratory to determine if the mixture is also food safe.
- It is the responsibility of anyone making pieces for resale to have them tested by an approved laboratory for lead release.
- Proper firing of dinnerware safe glazes is critical. Use shelf cones on the kiln shelves to ensure that the pieces are fired hot enough, even if the kiln is electronically controlled or has an automatic kiln sitter. Always fire in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. If crazed or under fired, these glazes may not be food safe. Too heavy an application of glaze, fast firing or not firing to the proper shelf cone listed on the label may result in a glaze that does not meet the FDA standards.
Lead
and/or Cadmium Containing Glazes
Lead and cadmium are used
in many ceramic glazes. Cadmium is used to produce brilliant reds and yellows.
Lead gives brilliance to the glaze and allows the glazes to mature well at
lower firing temperatures (shelf cone 06).
- Glazes containing lead and/or cadmium should be handled with respect.
- The dust from such glazes should not be inhaled. Anyone who is pregnant or contemplating pregnancy should only use these glazes with professional supervision. Use good personal hygiene when working with these types of glazes.
Sprays,
Solvents and Overglazes
These products are easy to
use safely and will present no problems as long as these important rules are
observed:
- Containers should be kept tightly closed when not in use.
- Aerosol sprays, solvents and solvent-based overglazes should be used outdoors, with a locally exhausting hood or spray booth or a window exhaust to assure adequate ventilation.
- Do not use near an open flame or heat source.
- Clean up after use and dispose of products properly in a metal container designed for disposal of flammable materials. Contaminated materials can be washed or placed under water until final disposal.
Slip
The mixture of any fine powder
like slip requires the use of a safety mask approved by OSHA. The work area
should be well ventilated with a system that draws all dust. This area should
be away from other working areas so as not to spread the fine dust particles.
Good housecleaning habits are necessary when mixing and pouring slips. Wipe up
spills immediately. Do not sweep the area. Chronic lung damage may result from
prolonged inhalation and exposure to the clay dust.
Wednesday, April 1, 2015
Characteristics
|
Floors
|
Walls
|
Test
| ||
Dimensions and surface quality
|
Interior
|
Exterior
|
Interior
|
Exterior
|
Reference
|
Length and width
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
ISO 10545-2
|
Thickness
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
ISO 10545-2
|
Straightness of sides
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
ISO 10545-2
|
Rectangularity
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
ISO 10545-2
|
Surface flatness (curvature and warpage)
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
ISO 10545-2
|
Surface quality
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
ISO 10545-2
|
These are the definitions given in ISO 13006 for ceramic tiles.
Ceramic tiles
thin slabs made from clays and/or other
inorganic raw materials, generally used as coverings for floors and walls,
usually shaped by extruding (A) or pressing (B) at room temperature but may be
formed by other processes (C), then dried and subsequently fired at
temperatures sufficient to develop the required properties; tiles can be glazed
(GL) or unglazed (UGL) and are incombustible and unaffected by light
Vitrified covering which is impermeable
Engobed surface
Clay-based covering with a matt finish which
can be permeable or impermeable
NOTE : A tile with an engobed
surface is regarded as an unglazed tile.
Polished surface
Surface of an unglazed tile which has been
given a glossy finish by mechanical polishing as the last stage of manufacture
Extruded tiles
[Designated as A]
Tiles whose body is shaped in the plastic
state in an extruder, the column obtained being cut into tiles of pre-
determined dimension
NOTE 1: This International Standard
classifies extruded tiles as “precision” or “natural”. The classification is
dependent upon the different technical characteristics as listed in the
individual product standards.
NOTE 2: Traditional terms used
for extruded products are “split tiles”
and “quarry tiles” They
commonly indicate double-extruded and single-extruded tiles
respectively. The term “quarry tiles” only refers to extruded tiles with a
water absorption not exceeding 6 %.
Dry-pressed tiles
[Designated as B]
Tiles formed from a finely milled body
mixture and shaped in moulds at high pressure
Tiles made by other processes
[Designated as C]
Tiles made by other than the normal
commercial processes, i.e. extruded or dry-pressed
NOTE : These tiles are not covered
in this International Standard.
Spacer lugs
projections which are located along
certain edges of tiles so that when two tiles are placed together, in line, the
lugs on adjacent edges separate the tiles by a distance not less than the
specified width of the joint
NOTE 1: Lugs are positioned so that the
joint between the tiles may be filled with grout without the lugs remaining
exposed. NOTE 2 Dry-pressed tiles may be made with other spacer lug systems
and, in such cases, the manufacturer’s work size applies.
Water absorption
[Symbol E]
Percentage of water by mass, measured in
accordance with ISO 10454-3
Description of sizes
NOTE : These are only defined for
rectangular tiles. If the sizes of non-rectangular tiles are required, they are
defined by the smallest rectangle into which they will fit.
Nominal size
Size used to describe the product
Work size [symbol W]
Size of a tile specified for manufacturing
to which the actual size has to conform within specified permissible deviations
NOTE: This is specified by the dimensions
length, width and thickness.
Actual size
Size obtained by measuring the face of the
tile in accordance with ISO 10545-2
Coordinating size [symbol C]
Work size plus the joint width
Modular size
tiles and sizes based on module M, 2 M, 3
M and 5 M and also their multiples or subdivisions, except for tiles with a
surface area of less than 9 000 mm2
The below test methods are used for checking physical and chemical properties of Ceramic tiles.
- ISO 1006:1983, Building construction — Modular coordination — Basic module.
- ISO 10545-1:1995, Ceramic tiles — Part 1: Sampling and basis for acceptance.
- ISO 10545-2:1995, Ceramic tiles — Part 2: Determination of dimensions and surface quality.
- ISO 10545-3:1995, Ceramic tiles — Part 3: Determination of water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density.
- ISO 10545-4:1994, Ceramic tiles — Part 4: Determination of modulus of rupture and breaking strength.
- ISO 10545-5:1996, Ceramic tiles — Part 5: Determination of impact resistance by measurement of coefficient of restitution.
- ISO 10545-6:1995, Ceramic tiles — Part 6: Determination of resistance to deep abrasion for unglazed tiles. ISO 10545-7:1996, Ceramic tiles — Part 7: Determination of resistance to surface abrasion for glazed tiles. ISO 10545-8:1994, Ceramic tiles — Part 8: Determination of linear thermal expansion.
- ISO 10545-9:1994, Ceramic tiles — Part 9: Determination of resistance to thermal shock.
- ISO 10545-10:1995, Ceramic tiles — Part 10: Determination of moisture expansion.
- ISO 10545-11:1994, Ceramic tiles — Part 11: Determination of crazing resistance for glazed tiles.
- ISO 10545-12:1995, Ceramic tiles — Part 12: Determination of frost resistance.
- ISO 10545-13:1995, Ceramic tiles — Part 13: Determination of chemical resistance.
- ISO 10545-14:1995, Ceramic tiles — Part 14: Determination of resistance to stains.
- ISO 10545-15:1995, Ceramic tiles — Part 15: Determination of lead and cadmium given off by glazed tiles.
- ISO 10545-16:—1 , Ceramic tiles — Part 16: Determination of small colour differences.
- ISO 10545-17:—1), Ceramic tiles — Part 17: Determination of coefficient of friction.
A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a glass). Because most common ceramics are crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials, as opposed to the noncrystalline glasses, a distinction followed here.
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000 year old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials, hardened in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create a colored, smooth surface. Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products and a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering; for example, in semiconductors.
The word "ceramic" comes from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery", from κέραμος (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery". The earliest mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script. "Ceramic" may be used as an adjective describing a material, product or process; or as a singular noun, or, more commonly, as a plural noun, "ceramics".
Adopted from Wikipedia
Adopted from Wikipedia
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